First, the first would like to write the last to do:
1. To do research, you must make it clear: the results are not published? Published where?
2. First article written a large box, empty out the data, and so do End of experiment can be made to fill out empty; is the so-called heart gully!
3. in not figure out do!
4. continue to see literature, to think about; think clearly do not like to do!
5. To do so, you have to look at the literature! to know how to rack up the article, to know how others discussed, to know their data is not that different stuff with other people or other people have not done this process hh is the process of reading the literature and thinking, these clear, the writing is simple!
6. If the first act, done that other people did, or can not use the theory to explain, would not be taken advantage of?
Second, how scientific topics:
1. topic selection and international practice. to the core of the international journal literature, we must understand the international research trends, select the subject of international co-production of academic research. due to various factors, China's scientific research topics with the international advanced level there is a certain distance. the authority of a scientific research institutions in the country long ago selection of a number of cutting-edge research fields, ready to participate in international cooperation, but to the United States found that nearly two thirds of the issue has not a cutting-edge, very few studies in the United States. In college, some teachers rigorous scholarship, based on solid, but research is not prominent, the important reasons is not importance to the field of academic trends, can not be a suitable subject selection.
2. subject should be developmental. subject to the development of papers on the continuing high level of output has a significant role . China University of Technology Fan Hongyi another way, the development of a Nobel Prize winner Dirac (Dirac) quantum theory laid the symbolic method, the system established a SCI included; his own interpretation of high-yield paper is that the study Yang Xinmin teacher in convexity theory, the theory arose in the 20th century, 70's, 90's peak. As an emerging research field, the theory itself has many outstanding research at the same time, the theory can also be used to solve the optimization aspects of problem. On the contrary, it was because the issue has been in contact with the end of the research branch, even if a breakthrough at this point, it is difficult to sustainable development.
3. using tools topics: ① access to the areas of search tools These tools have all colleges and universities; ② understanding reflected in SCI indexed journals in Science & Technology, ISI journal information available from of Source Publications) to find, but also references from the ISI Journal report (Journal Citation Reports, referred to as JCR) understand the periodical information, the literature in print, online version (JCR on the Web) and CD (JCR on CD-ROM); ③ topic tools provided by ISI to help, for example, can the work being carried out quantitative analysis to ensure that users of scientific research with consistent trend of scientific development (Essential Science Indicators), introduce the most outstanding figures of the situation, the research focus areas and development trends (ISI Highly Cited.com); ④ Using online databases to understand the dynamic and international academic research information. Anyone who wants to participation in international competition, choice and the subject of international standards of academic research does not exist insurmountable obstacles.
Third, how to get a good idea
either clinical or basic research, the most critical is the idea, idea of the introduction of determine the level and quality of scientific research. high-level scientists, one of your research projects and direction, you can determine your level of scientific research. So get a good idea is essential.
1. outstanding scientists to be sensitive scientific sense of smell, and this sensitivity is the result of long-term thinking and practice to obtain.'s trying to come through the hard days or two weeks a self that wants good idea, is likely to be more than a dozen years ago, people did work. beginner when on the road, but some of the classic experiments to obtain repeated experience is normal. In addition, research should focus on quality, do not simply seek to make the number of knowledgeable people laughing. idea how to get it?
A. massive, carefully read the literature, listen to an academic report, discussed with colleagues more and gain enlightenment, not be so anxious.
B. Summary interested in the field but have not yet explored meaningful issues;
C. Summary highly controversial issues, research methods and conclusions of repeated comparisons, and found an entry point;
D. learn to grasp the scientific research process is difficult to explain the problems encountered, often become the bright spot of thinking; < br> E. meticulous preparation programs, demonstrate the feasibility.
2. get idea of two ways: the traditional way is to read a large number of research papers, to ascertain the current research status and problems to be solved; non-traditional way is to first wrestling for some time, have their own idea to check the literature before. This study will not let the past limit your thinking, would be a good way. other things not made, maybe not because others do not thought, but because of the possibility of no meaning or not.
3. get a good idea of the basic premise:
A. cover the basics of scientific research before it is read and understand the basis of literature.
B. literature is supported by extensive reading. Master of access to 600 at least, rough look 300, look 100, read 50. PhD at least twice more, and always concerned about the international developments.
C. learn to read literature, read article. recommend that you review another article, after the first in Britain; read 10-20 articles read research papers after review. to get a research paper, look at the title, immediately stop and ask yourself the following questions: (1) Think about how someone is doing this article (refer to Materials and methods)? will do to illustrate what the title? (2) understand why he do this? (3) If the article was published nearly half of the year, the article solve the problem? raises a problem (see review with you)? Then look carefully summary to know what you think is consistent with others? (4) read the results, and then think something is imperfect? have No further or expand in the end? In general, SCI-3 pm The following article is only part of the mechanism may be made, the following must have something to do, the key is you have to think about, to discover.
4. long-term sustained operations. the requirements stated above, there will certainly be doing so-called idea, but the process difficult, take time to hone the need patience and passion. talented people can test Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences that several of the Beijing, Peking University, Tsinghua University. patience dry 5 years, these places are home to China to bring more nature, science articles.
Fourth, how the cattle, Dr. articles?
1. Some advice: do no harm to look at paper; look for non-owner others, such as other professors, postdoc, older brothers and other discussions, the chickens lay eggs; can begin something easy to use, such as software; look for opportunities to meet, identify identify cattle, do not send paper, do some volunteer, or participate in phd symposium and the like. Five initiative to participate in seminar, several speakers read their own paper, the best pull himself to organize a topic of several fellow and postdoc participation, pay attention to find a few textbooks to see, lay the foundation.
2. How to get IDEA:
A. areas of research need to have a global understanding, according to the boss's words is to have a bird eye.
B. have bird eye, to be more comprehensive in the field to read the article. Reading article to the idea, summed up in one sentence, and use the card record is good, sorted. If someone else's idea summed up in one sentence article, it is easy to understand its nature, also good for change.
C. read many articles , you can write a special study, to read the summary of the field with what the system is equivalent to a comprehensive understanding of you, that is bird eye to see things. since it is also very easy to read.
D. heart Analysis of other people's idea, an idea has any weakness; think of ways to solve it, then into his own idea. The best way is to look at Daniel's paper, no matter how his cattle, he always said that one aspect of the article, Other things are not always included, Intensive his article carefully, and always find loopholes and inadequate or incomplete place, then you know how to do it. Remember: Every article has a little something not considered fully .
E. from time to time to read what the wider areas, and expand the scope of bird eye on areas of interest outside the collection of articles to copy, this is called walk around a little bit, a lot of things outside the field can learn from, and thus interdisciplinary generate new idea.
F. often with cattle, post-doctoral or senior Dr. thoughtful people (preferably not the same profession, but related or interdisciplinary) discussed, it tends to the idea. and then there is, attention to other professional books, magazines and other information, to derive the second part of cross-SCI innovative idea
a thesis writing, writing parts of the framework and requirements
Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous; Give your paper a distinct personality; Begin with the subject of the study.
Introduction: What is known; What is unknown; Why we did this study?
Methods: Participants, subjects; Measurements; Outcomes and explanatory variables; Statistical methods .
Results: Sample characteristics; Univariate analyses; Bivariate analyses; Multivariate analyses.
Tables and figures: No more than six tables or figures; Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no P values); Put most important findings in a figure.
Discussion: State what you found; Outline the strengths and limitations of the study; Discuss the relevance to current literature; Outline your implications with a clear
References: All citations must be accurate; Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature; Quote only published journal articles or books; Never quote > Formatting: Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers; Start each section on a new page; Format titles and subtitles consistently; Comply with language skills
1. Introduction:
A. How the lack of current research and a destination, the importance of research to guide their own? after the previous results in the narrative, to guide the use of However, this paper proposes a new method or a new direction. such as: However, little information (little attention / little work / little data / little researchhh) (or few studies / few investigations / few researchers / few attemptshh) (or no / none of these studieshh) has (have) been done on (focused on / attempted to / conducted / investigated / studied (with respect to)). If: Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider / ignored / misinterpreted / neglected to / overestimated, underestimated / misleaded. thus, these previous results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still existhh research methods and the same direction with the former, they can emphasize their work in the following ways: However, data is still scarce (rare , less accurate), We need to (aim to, have to) provide more documents (data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary (essential) hh
stressed the importance of their own research, the general However even before the introduction of the problem with their opposite, or related issues. For example: (1) a matter of time; (2) The means of the issue; (3) research on regional issues; (4) uncertainty; (5) make their own to verify the hypothesis. If you study the problem of relatively new in time, you can refer to time than a lot of research and the importance of old problems, and then (However) that If you are a new research tools or research, you can make the popular methods and material properties, and then (However), said the direction of your research methods are little; If the research involves regional issues, on the first Summary adjacent areas or other areas of research, and then (However) lack of emphasis on research in this area; Although many previous studies on a particular issue, but there are two or more ideas, such uncertainties or ambiguities worthy of further clarification; if their research is all new, no previous work can be compared, you can confidently say that and so on. We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of thehhIt is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
B. put forward their point of view: We aim to / / This paper reports on / / This paper provides results / / This paper extends the method / / This paper focus onhhThe purpose of this paper is tohhFurthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discusshh
C. delineation of the scope of their research: introduction Another role is to tell the readers (including the reviewer), the main research contents of your article. If not handled properly, reviewer's recommendations will be made tough, like you do not consider a possibility, a study means. To reduce this controversy, in the preface to be clearly stated at the end of the scope of this study: (1) time scale; (2) study area and so on. such as the timing involved in longer, you can clearly only care about this issue a specific time frame, We preliminarily focus on the older (younger) hh where the two time scales (long-term and short term), you can say both are important, but this involves only one of them. of regional issues, and as a matter of time also be clearly stated you are only interested in a particular area!
D. Finally, rounders: the end of the preface, it can be concluded to put forward studies onhhwill be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere). In short, its purpose is to give readers the idea to focus the issues you want to come. minimize unnecessary disputes (arguments).
2. Discussion:
A. How to present ideas: in making their own points of view, what kind of strategy is very important, inappropriate sentences were usually reviewer questioned. (1) If the point is not raised by the article date, We usually use confirm thathh (2) is very confident about their point of view, the available We believe thathh (3) In general, inferred from the data some conclusions, with Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply thathh (4) only available in very particular We put forward (discover, observe) hh (caused by) attributed to resulted fromhhOr This is probably a consequence ofhhIt seems thathhcan account for (interpret) thishhOr It is posible that it stem fromhh to note with these structures to be reasonable. If the type throughout the text is 1) and 5), then this greatly reduced the meaning of article. If all 2) would certainly have been questioned. so be careful analysis of their innovative and reliable results.
B. conjunction with the logic: the most common english paper problems is the logic of the article is not clear, the solution is as follows.
(1) Note down a coherent sentence, can not let the sentence independently. common conjunctions are, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further , although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, thereforehh conjunction with a good level to make the article clear and definite meaning. For example, describe the time sequence of events or literature, the earliest literature available AA advocated it for the first time. the next available Then BB further demonstrated that. and then the next, can Afterwards, CChh If there is, available More recent studies by DDhh if the statement two views, take them completely separate AA put forward thathhIn contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (that point of view in front of the error), if only two views that opposition, with two points of view in contrast BBhh If similar, available AA suggesthhSimilarily, alternatively, BBhhOr Also, BB or BB allso doeshh that can cause or context Consequently, therefore, as a resulthh progressive relationship that can be furthermore, further, moreover, in additionhh finished a section in English, the best first Check for better application of these conjunctions.
(2) Note that the layout of the overall logic of the paragraph: Often we have to describe several aspects of a problem. In this case, we must pay attention to the logical structure. the first paragraph must be clear tell the readers you want to discuss some part of the hhTherefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involveshhThe second problem relates tohhThe third aspect deals withhh clearly described the view layer. You can also direct use of First, Second , Third, Finallyhh course, Furthermore, in addition, etc., may be used to supplement.
(3) are discussed in the overall structure: the problem is divided into several sub-headings is a good way to fragment. Usually the first article in a fragment that The most important data or results; added that some on the last fragment. we must understand that readers of the article is divided into several grades; addition to the professional than the professionals read, must find ways to allow more foreign professional people to read. so it can be part of the discussion is divided into two parts, one part of the present ideas, details of the other part of the process and the basis for discussion. such a professional who can understand the article outside the main point of view, more professional He can discuss it as black box, and this part of the professionals to further study.
C. What is included in the discussion section? (1) a summary of key data and features; (2) and the main conclusions and Comparison of the previous point; (3) the deficiency. On the third point, the general view of the undesirable, but in fact is precisely the lack of the article is given its own article, an important means of protection. If the article deliberately hidden loopholes that others can not see, is very unwise. the so-called inadequate, including the following: (1) to study the issue a bit one-sided, the discussion must say, It should be noted that this study has examined onlyhhWe concentrate (focus) on onlyhhWe have to point out that we do nothhSome limitations of this study arehh (2) concluded that some deficiencies, The results do not implyhhThe results can not be used to determine (or be taken as evidence of) hhUnfortunately, we can not determine this from this datahhOur results are lack ofhh but pointed out that after these deficiencies, we must once again strengthen the importance of this and possible means to address these deficiencies, or for others to lay their own research paved the way for the next step. Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggesthhHowever, these problems could be solved if we considerhhDespite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicatehh Chinese who is resourceful, and the reviewers think of the problem in advance to an account at the same time that you have been thinking about these issues, but because of the length of the article, progress or testing means testing the constraints of being can not answer these questions. But through some of your suggestions in future studies of these issues are likely to achieve.
3. Others:
A. To make the article clear, the first a proposed concept, it is best explained in more detail is given in parentheses. If the article can be used two ways to solve many Abbreviation: (1) Finally, add a Appendix, a list of all the Abbreviation; (2) in different pages Abbreviation meaning given from time to time, to remind the reader.
B. must not negate the previous studies, even if in your opinion completely wrong conclusions predecessors. This is the most basic respect for previous work, known to others the work of the English credits. so i do not appear very negative evaluation, such as Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc. encounter this kind of situation, you can gently put forward: Their studies may be more reasonable if they hadhhconsidered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if theyhhOr Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.
three foreign periodicals thesis writing experience
foreign periodicals was summarized in five basic requirements of thesis writing, that is 5C: correct (correctness), clear (clarity), compact (concision), complete (completion) and consistency (consis. ..
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