Before and after the crisis Evolution of the U.S. Securities Investment

 Foreign investors the U.S. stock market investment conditions, we can approximate the time series data, infer changes in foreign exchange reserves portfolio. of course, must be noted that the U.S. Treasury Department announced the U.S. portfolio investment in China, both The central bank's investment, including Chinese financial institutions, investment companies and residents. but most of China foreign exchange assets concentrated in the hands of the central bank, according to the U.S. Treasury Department data to infer the central bank's investment behavior, the error is acceptable.
portfolio before the crisis: the gradual acceleration of the diversification
Figure 1 reveals the 2002-2008 period, China invested in U.S. securities portfolio changes, which you can get four conclusions: First, if the scale of investment in descending order, the most important for China, the U.S. Securities and varieties were government bonds, agency bonds, corporate bonds and stocks; Secondly, since 2006, the Chinese purchase of U.S. agency debt size increased significantly, as of 2008 June 30 more than government bonds as the most important investment products; again, since 2007, China's purchases of U.S. stocks scale increased significantly, by 2008 more than the size of corporate bonds; Fourth, from the point of view the term structure Chinese investments in U.S. securities-based long-term securities.
Figure 1 China's investment portfolio of U.S. securities
Figure 2 shows since 2000, the size of China's holdings of U.S. treasuries monthly data. Overall, China's foreign exchange reserves total U.S. debt ratio is declining .2007 before the fourth quarter of 2008, the United States Treasury account for the ratio of foreign exchange reserves showed a downward trend accelerated up to 28%. This shows that in the sub-prime crisis into a global financial crisis, especially in 2007 and 2008, the Chinese government's asset allocation in foreign exchange reserves has already begun the diversification of more positive.
Figure 2 China's investment position of U.S. treasury bonds
table 1 lists the most important creditors of the United States between 2001 and 2008 offshore financial center by the net purchase amount of U.S. Treasury bonds. not difficult to find, in these countries or regions, China is the only 8 consecutive annual net purchases of offshore financial centers by the U.S. national debt, the total 8-year period bonds purchased through offshore financial centers 259 billion U.S. dollars. And as the world's most important offshore financial centers, the UK has been helping financial institutions other countries, investors continued to purchase U.S. Treasury bonds. This is the traditional line on the market the impression that China's foreign exchange management will be through their own in London, Hong Kong and other offshore financial centers to carry out portfolio investment subsidiary.
Table 1 countries through offshore financial centers the amount of net purchases of U.S. Treasuries
Unit: $ 1,000,000,000
portfolio after the crisis: a wide range of reversal
shown in Figure 3, after the outbreak of the subprime crisis China's securities investment experience of the United States, some significant changes. specifically including:
First, the U.S. Treasury, China during the crisis, the purchase of long-term U.S. government bonds experienced significant volatility. From 9, 2008 April, China started large quantities of short-term bonds.
early in the crisis, China is also holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds .2007 July to November, China for 5 consecutive months of net sale of U.S. Treasury bonds. This shows that Although the United States at the outbreak of the crisis, the crisis impact limited in scope, the majority of market players that the crisis is only a partial and transient, not the crisis as an asset allocation of an important consideration.
However, starting from the end of 2007 China began to re net purchases of long-term U.S. Treasury bonds. be noted that since the end of 2007, Chinese purchases of U.S. Treasury bonds has experienced two peaks of scale, which is not exactly the same meaning. In late 2007, the first half of 2008 China experienced a foreign exchange reserve accumulation phase of acceleration. For example only in the first half of 2008, China's foreign exchange reserves has increased by 280.6 billion yuan. As foreign exchange reserves increased significantly in China in fact increase the purchase of various types of U.S. securities. shown in Figure 3, the period of significant holdings of Chinese at the same time the United States government bonds, agency debt and corporate bonds. However, in 2009, from January to May, China's foreign exchange reserves decreased year on year increments, so China is not significantly overweight, or even other types of securities holdings in the context of large-scale holdings of long-term U.S. Treasury bonds. Figure 3 shows, in 2009, 1-5 months, in various types of securities in China only increased the U.S. debt purchase. This fully shows that when the collapse of Lehman Brothers made the United States subprime mortgage crisis into a global financial crisis, the United States the value of risky assets hard hit. In the money into the U.S. bond market for hedging, investment institutions of China's sovereignty is no exception.
holdings of U.S. treasuries from China look at the term structure (Figure 4), in September 2008 before the debt is mainly long-term Main .2005 January to September 2008, China's holdings of short-term Treasury bonds accounted for the total size of the average rate of 4.6%. However, after the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the U.S. spent a lot of financial funds for rescue and issuing a large number of bonds to finance budget deficits, resulting in decline in the future market value of U.S. Treasury bonds and increase the risk of depreciation of the dollar. In this context, China began to significantly increase the purchase of short-term U.S. government bonds. In the end of May 2009, accounting for short-term government bonds held the ratio of the U.S. national debt rose to 26.2%.
Figure 3 after the outbreak of the subprime crisis on China's long-term U.S. securities, all net purchase amount of the monthly
Figure 4 China's holdings of long-term U.S. Treasury bonds and short-term comparison
Secondly, in terms of U.S. agency debt, and 7 June 2008 was a watershed between the months (Figure 3). Prior to this, China has been actively buying agency debt. However, from July 2008 , the Chinese government has been in holdings of U.S. agency debt. China is changing the attitude of U.S. agency debt of nature and the second half of 2008 related to the crisis broke out two rooms, because Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bonds issued by the U.S. agency debt accounted for 80%. With the outbreak of the two housing crisis, investors realize that China's sovereignty, agency debt level of risk far more than the previous judgments. While the U.S. government took over two rooms, but has no two rooms to the safety of bonds a clear commitment, so Chinese investors began to continued reduction in agency debt portfolio.
Thirdly, the Chinese purchase of U.S. corporate bonds and agency debt compared with similar conditions. In August 2008, the Chinese have been U.S. corporate bonds purchased. But in September 2008 to play in May 2009 the 10-month period, China had 5 months in the holdings of U.S. corporate bonds, the overall reduction of 10 months was 2.1 billion.
Fourth, the concern is that China's investment in U.S. stocks. Figure 1 shows, in the June 30, 2007 to June 30, 2008 between the China stock investment by the United States rose to 28.5 billion $ 99,500,000,000, an increase of 2.5 times. We believe that one very important reason, is the establishment of CIC Administration of Foreign Exchange of China is facing increased competitive pressure, which to some extent, changed the investment behavior of the latter. outside Authority began to increase its equity investment portfolio. This diversity in itself is commendable. But bad luck, with the September 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers led the U.S. stock market index fell sharply, Chinese investors U.S. stocks suffered heavy losses on its investment is no doubt. In fact, since September 2008, the U.S. Treasury Department data show that Chinese investors on the U.S. equities trading behavior is not significant (Figure 3). This means that even U.S. stocks began warming, but due to the impact of prior losses, the Chinese stock market investors do not enter the United States to carry out bargain-hunting action.
Conclusion
before the outbreak of the subprime crisis, especially in September 2008 Lehman Brothers bankruptcy triggered a global financial crisis, the Chinese sovereign investment in U.S. stock market investors can be summarized as: both bonds and agency debt, mainly government bonds in the long-term government bonds; the Chinese government has begun the pace of diversification of the portfolio, including holdings of government bonds, holdings of bonds and stocks. This not only reflects the increase in the stock as the foreign exchange reserves, China's foreign exchange authorities began more by the preferences of foreign exchange liquidity of the assets transferred to the income and security, which also reflects the CIC China's foreign exchange reserve was created to introduce competition in the field of asset management, which to some extent (or incremental sense) change the investment style of the SAFE.
However, expansion of the subprime mortgage crisis deepens, the U.S. financial markets The diversification of China's foreign exchange reserves drop makes the behavior of investment suffered some setbacks, particularly in new stock investment may suffer more serious losses. the trend in the hedge effect, the Chinese began to re-emphasis on foreign currency assets invested in U.S. Treasury bonds . specific performance: the proportion of U.S. treasury bonds increased significantly, including the proportion of short-term government bonds sharply higher; China began to continue selling U.S. agency debt; China for U.S. corporate bonds and equities have become more cautious, basically neither overweight nor significantly reduction. Overall, the outbreak of the subprime crisis disrupted the Chinese foreign currency reserve assets of the diversified U.S. stock market, the pace allows us to become more conservative asset allocation.
how to mitigate the potential face of China's foreign exchange reserves Impact
subprime crisis, the U.S. Government to implement the very loose fiscal and monetary policies that laid the depreciation of the dollar and U.S. debt has shrunk the double risk of market value. So, Chinese investors should be how to ease the subprime mortgage crisis on China's foreign exchange the potential impact on reserves management do?
First, the Chinese investors should control the foreign currency reserve assets of U.S. dollar assets, the overall risk exposure. This includes both China should stop its massive holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds, commodities into cash holdings , the equity futures, or suppliers, including China, can be appropriately holdings euros, yen-denominated assets or assets to SDR; Secondly, in the range of U.S. assets, China could consider the market conditions in the current holdings of U.S. corporate bonds and equity, as with the current bond market bubble in the U.S. than the U.S. corporate bond market and stock market bubble is relatively controllable; again, even if China is to continue to buy U.S. treasury bonds, China should also conditionally holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds, to mitigate potential future inflation eroded the purchasing power of the real national debt. This includes China could buy more U.S. Treasury yields and inflation-linked bonds (TIPs), also can ask the U.S. government issued China's Renminbi denominated bonds (the Panda bonds).

Treat yourself and those around

 Child, each took off and climbed into bed slippers, into the yard before we can think tomorrow morning, if I can put on a pair of slippers, so if I never wake up, and look like? Who knows his own How long lifetime, maybe in the next second my life was over. that this is the case, is somewhat negative, but it has a big deal, that is to cherish every moment, in particular, more people feel the earthquake fragile and precious life, but also in their own breathing, but also look at sunrise and sunset, Huakaihuaxie time, treat yourself ~!
Tai Weiqu Do not let yourself, follow your own heart, in good faith with ourselves and generous to express themselves and make themselves more time being happy, sad when they do not find a way to grief!
lot of caring people around, cherish you love and love you, not to hurt more not to injure others, precious memories to my heart, not nostalgia, but when read in light scoop to thin aftertaste!
have also had many dreams, but Reality has a lot of dreams are not one by one to achieve, but dreams are always good, so we have also had good too, do not go blaming the cruel reality!
person's life there are too many Unfortunately, on the next cast a pity pity, and then indefinitely The unfortunate down, can not fall in such a pity that there should be more to see the future!
hhhhhhhh
worth a minute of us to cherish

Reprinted - SCI papers from the entry to the master

 First, the first would like to write the last to do:
1. To do research, you must make it clear: the results are not published? Published where?
2. First article written a large box, empty out the data, and so do End of experiment can be made to fill out empty; is the so-called heart gully!
3. in not figure out do!
4. continue to see literature, to think about; think clearly do not like to do!
5. To do so, you have to look at the literature! to know how to rack up the article, to know how others discussed, to know their data is not that different stuff with other people or other people have not done this process hh is the process of reading the literature and thinking, these clear, the writing is simple!
6. If the first act, done that other people did, or can not use the theory to explain, would not be taken advantage of?
Second, how scientific topics:
1. topic selection and international practice. to the core of the international journal literature, we must understand the international research trends, select the subject of international co-production of academic research. due to various factors, China's scientific research topics with the international advanced level there is a certain distance. the authority of a scientific research institutions in the country long ago selection of a number of cutting-edge research fields, ready to participate in international cooperation, but to the United States found that nearly two thirds of the issue has not a cutting-edge, very few studies in the United States. In college, some teachers rigorous scholarship, based on solid, but research is not prominent, the important reasons is not importance to the field of academic trends, can not be a suitable subject selection.
2. subject should be developmental. subject to the development of papers on the continuing high level of output has a significant role . China University of Technology Fan Hongyi another way, the development of a Nobel Prize winner Dirac (Dirac) quantum theory laid the symbolic method, the system established a SCI included; his own interpretation of high-yield paper is that the study Yang Xinmin teacher in convexity theory, the theory arose in the 20th century, 70's, 90's peak. As an emerging research field, the theory itself has many outstanding research at the same time, the theory can also be used to solve the optimization aspects of problem. On the contrary, it was because the issue has been in contact with the end of the research branch, even if a breakthrough at this point, it is difficult to sustainable development.
3. using tools topics: ① access to the areas of search tools These tools have all colleges and universities; ② understanding reflected in SCI indexed journals in Science & Technology, ISI journal information available from of Source Publications) to find, but also references from the ISI Journal report (Journal Citation Reports, referred to as JCR) understand the periodical information, the literature in print, online version (JCR on the Web) and CD (JCR on CD-ROM); ③ topic tools provided by ISI to help, for example, can the work being carried out quantitative analysis to ensure that users of scientific research with consistent trend of scientific development (Essential Science Indicators), introduce the most outstanding figures of the situation, the research focus areas and development trends (ISI Highly Cited.com); ④ Using online databases to understand the dynamic and international academic research information. Anyone who wants to participation in international competition, choice and the subject of international standards of academic research does not exist insurmountable obstacles.
Third, how to get a good idea
either clinical or basic research, the most critical is the idea, idea of the introduction of determine the level and quality of scientific research. high-level scientists, one of your research projects and direction, you can determine your level of scientific research. So get a good idea is essential.
1. outstanding scientists to be sensitive scientific sense of smell, and this sensitivity is the result of long-term thinking and practice to obtain.'s trying to come through the hard days or two weeks a self that wants good idea, is likely to be more than a dozen years ago, people did work. beginner when on the road, but some of the classic experiments to obtain repeated experience is normal. In addition, research should focus on quality, do not simply seek to make the number of knowledgeable people laughing. idea how to get it?
A. massive, carefully read the literature, listen to an academic report, discussed with colleagues more and gain enlightenment, not be so anxious.
B. Summary interested in the field but have not yet explored meaningful issues;
C. Summary highly controversial issues, research methods and conclusions of repeated comparisons, and found an entry point;
D. learn to grasp the scientific research process is difficult to explain the problems encountered, often become the bright spot of thinking; < br> E. meticulous preparation programs, demonstrate the feasibility.
2. get idea of two ways: the traditional way is to read a large number of research papers, to ascertain the current research status and problems to be solved; non-traditional way is to first wrestling for some time, have their own idea to check the literature before. This study will not let the past limit your thinking, would be a good way. other things not made, maybe not because others do not thought, but because of the possibility of no meaning or not.
3. get a good idea of the basic premise:
A. cover the basics of scientific research before it is read and understand the basis of literature.
B. literature is supported by extensive reading. Master of access to 600 at least, rough look 300, look 100, read 50. PhD at least twice more, and always concerned about the international developments.
C. learn to read literature, read article. recommend that you review another article, after the first in Britain; read 10-20 articles read research papers after review. to get a research paper, look at the title, immediately stop and ask yourself the following questions: (1) Think about how someone is doing this article (refer to Materials and methods)? will do to illustrate what the title? (2) understand why he do this? (3) If the article was published nearly half of the year, the article solve the problem? raises a problem (see review with you)? Then look carefully summary to know what you think is consistent with others? (4) read the results, and then think something is imperfect? have No further or expand in the end? In general, SCI-3 pm The following article is only part of the mechanism may be made, the following must have something to do, the key is you have to think about, to discover.
4. long-term sustained operations. the requirements stated above, there will certainly be doing so-called idea, but the process difficult, take time to hone the need patience and passion. talented people can test Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences that several of the Beijing, Peking University, Tsinghua University. patience dry 5 years, these places are home to China to bring more nature, science articles.
Fourth, how the cattle, Dr. articles?
1. Some advice: do no harm to look at paper; look for non-owner others, such as other professors, postdoc, older brothers and other discussions, the chickens lay eggs; can begin something easy to use, such as software; look for opportunities to meet, identify identify cattle, do not send paper, do some volunteer, or participate in phd symposium and the like. Five initiative to participate in seminar, several speakers read their own paper, the best pull himself to organize a topic of several fellow and postdoc participation, pay attention to find a few textbooks to see, lay the foundation.
2. How to get IDEA:
A. areas of research need to have a global understanding, according to the boss's words is to have a bird eye.
B. have bird eye, to be more comprehensive in the field to read the article. Reading article to the idea, summed up in one sentence, and use the card record is good, sorted. If someone else's idea summed up in one sentence article, it is easy to understand its nature, also good for change.
C. read many articles , you can write a special study, to read the summary of the field with what the system is equivalent to a comprehensive understanding of you, that is bird eye to see things. since it is also very easy to read.
D. heart Analysis of other people's idea, an idea has any weakness; think of ways to solve it, then into his own idea. The best way is to look at Daniel's paper, no matter how his cattle, he always said that one aspect of the article, Other things are not always included, Intensive his article carefully, and always find loopholes and inadequate or incomplete place, then you know how to do it. Remember: Every article has a little something not considered fully .
E. from time to time to read what the wider areas, and expand the scope of bird eye on areas of interest outside the collection of articles to copy, this is called walk around a little bit, a lot of things outside the field can learn from, and thus interdisciplinary generate new idea.
F. often with cattle, post-doctoral or senior Dr. thoughtful people (preferably not the same profession, but related or interdisciplinary) discussed, it tends to the idea. and then there is, attention to other professional books, magazines and other information, to derive the second part of cross-SCI innovative idea

a thesis writing, writing parts of the framework and requirements
Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous; Give your paper a distinct personality; Begin with the subject of the study.
Introduction: What is known; What is unknown; Why we did this study?
Methods: Participants, subjects; Measurements; Outcomes and explanatory variables; Statistical methods .
Results: Sample characteristics; Univariate analyses; Bivariate analyses; Multivariate analyses.
Tables and figures: No more than six tables or figures; Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no P values); Put most important findings in a figure.
Discussion: State what you found; Outline the strengths and limitations of the study; Discuss the relevance to current literature; Outline your implications with a clear
References: All citations must be accurate; Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature; Quote only published journal articles or books; Never quote > Formatting: Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers; Start each section on a new page; Format titles and subtitles consistently; Comply with language skills
1. Introduction:
A. How the lack of current research and a destination, the importance of research to guide their own? after the previous results in the narrative, to guide the use of However, this paper proposes a new method or a new direction. such as: However, little information (little attention / little work / little data / little researchhh) (or few studies / few investigations / few researchers / few attemptshh) (or no / none of these studieshh) has (have) been done on (focused on / attempted to / conducted / investigated / studied (with respect to)). If: Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider / ignored / misinterpreted / neglected to / overestimated, underestimated / misleaded. thus, these previous results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still existhh research methods and the same direction with the former, they can emphasize their work in the following ways: However, data is still scarce (rare , less accurate), We need to (aim to, have to) provide more documents (data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary (essential) hh
stressed the importance of their own research, the general However even before the introduction of the problem with their opposite, or related issues. For example: (1) a matter of time; (2) The means of the issue; (3) research on regional issues; (4) uncertainty; (5) make their own to verify the hypothesis. If you study the problem of relatively new in time, you can refer to time than a lot of research and the importance of old problems, and then (However) that If you are a new research tools or research, you can make the popular methods and material properties, and then (However), said the direction of your research methods are little; If the research involves regional issues, on the first Summary adjacent areas or other areas of research, and then (However) lack of emphasis on research in this area; Although many previous studies on a particular issue, but there are two or more ideas, such uncertainties or ambiguities worthy of further clarification; if their research is all new, no previous work can be compared, you can confidently say that and so on. We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of thehhIt is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
B. put forward their point of view: We aim to / / This paper reports on / / This paper provides results / / This paper extends the method / / This paper focus onhhThe purpose of this paper is tohhFurthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discusshh
C. delineation of the scope of their research: introduction Another role is to tell the readers (including the reviewer), the main research contents of your article. If not handled properly, reviewer's recommendations will be made tough, like you do not consider a possibility, a study means. To reduce this controversy, in the preface to be clearly stated at the end of the scope of this study: (1) time scale; (2) study area and so on. such as the timing involved in longer, you can clearly only care about this issue a specific time frame, We preliminarily focus on the older (younger) hh where the two time scales (long-term and short term), you can say both are important, but this involves only one of them. of regional issues, and as a matter of time also be clearly stated you are only interested in a particular area!
D. Finally, rounders: the end of the preface, it can be concluded to put forward studies onhhwill be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere). In short, its purpose is to give readers the idea to focus the issues you want to come. minimize unnecessary disputes (arguments).
2. Discussion:
A. How to present ideas: in making their own points of view, what kind of strategy is very important, inappropriate sentences were usually reviewer questioned. (1) If the point is not raised by the article date, We usually use confirm thathh (2) is very confident about their point of view, the available We believe thathh (3) In general, inferred from the data some conclusions, with Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply thathh (4) only available in very particular We put forward (discover, observe) hh (caused by) attributed to resulted fromhhOr This is probably a consequence ofhhIt seems thathhcan account for (interpret) thishhOr It is posible that it stem fromhh to note with these structures to be reasonable. If the type throughout the text is 1) and 5), then this greatly reduced the meaning of article. If all 2) would certainly have been questioned. so be careful analysis of their innovative and reliable results.
B. conjunction with the logic: the most common english paper problems is the logic of the article is not clear, the solution is as follows.
(1) Note down a coherent sentence, can not let the sentence independently. common conjunctions are, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further , although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, thereforehh conjunction with a good level to make the article clear and definite meaning. For example, describe the time sequence of events or literature, the earliest literature available AA advocated it for the first time. the next available Then BB further demonstrated that. and then the next, can Afterwards, CChh If there is, available More recent studies by DDhh if the statement two views, take them completely separate AA put forward thathhIn contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (that point of view in front of the error), if only two views that opposition, with two points of view in contrast BBhh If similar, available AA suggesthhSimilarily, alternatively, BBhhOr Also, BB or BB allso doeshh that can cause or context Consequently, therefore, as a resulthh progressive relationship that can be furthermore, further, moreover, in additionhh finished a section in English, the best first Check for better application of these conjunctions.
(2) Note that the layout of the overall logic of the paragraph: Often we have to describe several aspects of a problem. In this case, we must pay attention to the logical structure. the first paragraph must be clear tell the readers you want to discuss some part of the hhTherefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involveshhThe second problem relates tohhThe third aspect deals withhh clearly described the view layer. You can also direct use of First, Second , Third, Finallyhh course, Furthermore, in addition, etc., may be used to supplement.
(3) are discussed in the overall structure: the problem is divided into several sub-headings is a good way to fragment. Usually the first article in a fragment that The most important data or results; added that some on the last fragment. we must understand that readers of the article is divided into several grades; addition to the professional than the professionals read, must find ways to allow more foreign professional people to read. so it can be part of the discussion is divided into two parts, one part of the present ideas, details of the other part of the process and the basis for discussion. such a professional who can understand the article outside the main point of view, more professional He can discuss it as black box, and this part of the professionals to further study.
C. What is included in the discussion section? (1) a summary of key data and features; (2) and the main conclusions and Comparison of the previous point; (3) the deficiency. On the third point, the general view of the undesirable, but in fact is precisely the lack of the article is given its own article, an important means of protection. If the article deliberately hidden loopholes that others can not see, is very unwise. the so-called inadequate, including the following: (1) to study the issue a bit one-sided, the discussion must say, It should be noted that this study has examined onlyhhWe concentrate (focus) on onlyhhWe have to point out that we do nothhSome limitations of this study arehh (2) concluded that some deficiencies, The results do not implyhhThe results can not be used to determine (or be taken as evidence of) hhUnfortunately, we can not determine this from this datahhOur results are lack ofhh but pointed out that after these deficiencies, we must once again strengthen the importance of this and possible means to address these deficiencies, or for others to lay their own research paved the way for the next step. Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggesthhHowever, these problems could be solved if we considerhhDespite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicatehh Chinese who is resourceful, and the reviewers think of the problem in advance to an account at the same time that you have been thinking about these issues, but because of the length of the article, progress or testing means testing the constraints of being can not answer these questions. But through some of your suggestions in future studies of these issues are likely to achieve.
3. Others:
A. To make the article clear, the first a proposed concept, it is best explained in more detail is given in parentheses. If the article can be used two ways to solve many Abbreviation: (1) Finally, add a Appendix, a list of all the Abbreviation; (2) in different pages Abbreviation meaning given from time to time, to remind the reader.
B. must not negate the previous studies, even if in your opinion completely wrong conclusions predecessors. This is the most basic respect for previous work, known to others the work of the English credits. so i do not appear very negative evaluation, such as Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc. encounter this kind of situation, you can gently put forward: Their studies may be more reasonable if they hadhhconsidered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if theyhhOr Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.
three foreign periodicals thesis writing experience
foreign periodicals was summarized in five basic requirements of thesis writing, that is 5C: correct (correctness), clear (clarity), compact (concision), complete (completion) and consistency (consis. ..

Gladiator God Last Word [Classic]

 Have Er Lu: But just that little universe, it really is Athena, right? Yes, I have felt the same small universe. At that time, Miss Hilda, and just a small universe, like Athena. Very noble, very warm. Maybe days Ma constellation was right, that elegant Miss Hilda r holy changed almost like another person. No, what I'm cranky, Miss Hilda fighters of our God is unique, I am not the Gain Er Lu, fighter God I'm the first Samsung Law Library of stars have Erlu. Do not try to spare, and I should do now is for the most Miss Hilda beat this guy.
under guard Combat is really admirable, but I ~ ~ ~ Miss Hilda is dedicated to the God of life fighter, in order to Hilda Hilda Miss, Miss ~ ~ ~ ~ (Giant invincible boxing).
great, days horse sign. Yes, if it is the constellation Pegasus ~ ~ maybe you have the ability to regain that Miss Hilda, that ~ ~ With noble, warm little universe, Miss Hilda.
Farley Road: To me I believe you? I do not believe human beings! ha ha ha ha ~ ~ Do not lead me laugh, I just trust in human beings, was the betrayal of the world! I can trust only those wolves! good! stupid, I trust only the wolf. Do you want to know? When I was only six years old. It was my parents, but their ride to the Forest picnic with friends happening. (mother, Yi Geli.) After it, he has always been known in the name of mayor of the Pharisees way home from decline. and has always been flattering to our people without turning slowly away from us, but I still have with the Pharisees way that closely matches the Wolf family crest in the. by humans fear, hate the wolf, rescued by humans, I give up, no, not only that, I also bring up to this day. Shut up, sympathy and sophistry is useless to me. no need to speak out of turn, Wolf and gentlemen, I want this guy forever can not speak! fool, Miss Hilda God, is to make the wolf were attributed to obey God in a flash!
I do not believe that the human, and trust you one on one fair trial of the human right.
I am fighting for the Miss Hilda! happiness? Do not lead me laugh, I asked Miss Hilda vowed not to leave half live Saint Seiya Asgard.
mother, the next rebirth when the parents must feel good love, friends love, and sincere man ~
Hagen: Direct burning hell? I will tell Fulai Ya Miss you fight in the end, learned this lesson, reborn again in the cold northern bar.
glaciers, scary stuff, if we are not to be separated by hot magma, I have been defeated him.
Fulai Ya Miss ~ ~ of greatness is the hope Ms Rutter said so too unreasonable, you this man is so ~ ~ too poor, Miss Fu Laiya. Fulai Ya Miss, when you get on the glacier, and to lead us on a sunny Miss Hilda Avenue, my second Star Lake Star Hagen swear to follow the United States. Shut up, all the seeds that you, the Ice ~ ~ ~ Hilda Miss Sin Temple to be monarchs of the earth, Fulai Ya Miss, you did not trust her own sister, and I believe that people are saying. You're out of the way a glacier fall into the burning hell go. Fulai Ya Miss Fulai Ya Miss, please get out. the ice, I hate you right from the bottom of my heart !
Miss Hilda I am a warrior of God, Fulai Ya Miss, please get out. Fulai Ya Miss ~ ~ ~ Fulai Ya Miss, Miss Hilda sacrifice to it ~ ~ Fulai Ya Miss, Vladimir Miss Leia. glaciers, ice, your death is up. bluster. Fulai Ya Miss! (ice: the war is really in vain.)
Miyi the United States: The seventh Star Star God than Rick was co-champion , Miyi the United States. This is for you to play the Zhenhunge, in other words, Overture to death, I am well aware of your thoughts, it seems you do not like fighting, but I advise you one, your kindness will make you dug grave. Well, change the tube in horses over. you have not noticed it? Andromeda, your chain will make the enemy feel the murderous response of sensitive weapons into a powerful, but not every rival but also filled with murderous , the same as I Miyi United States.
you still can not bring me down, like shown in your chains, you do not fit the fighting, and then the fighting did not mean, let me personally give you its demise it. you do not understand? Andromeda. you and I not to be found chained together, you think you can really just normal, to defeat enemy? you're too naive, unless you and the other strength is far from possible, I say again, you can not win me. Why do you have to fight, why? Andromeda. you think you can really defend this world? No, you think the world should you do to protect it? you believe what you believe that there is no evil, do not fight for peace the world really coming? tell me ~ ~ ~
you in the second palace, hurt a lot of opponents, and he is hurt. you have got what is it? to only new fighting, is not it? Andromeda, you have only the moment you breathe, you can stop the fighting. ah, the little universe. Andromeda. brother, his friends, brother, brother, I can not even believe it No, you do not know to be trusted betrayed, how sad, anger. So I say you innocent, such a person as a holy warrior fighting is simply wrong. Ha ha. hum.
No lessons learned? You have to see through me, really impressive. Well, it seems to suffer even if you punch me, or do not really desire for battle, no, or because you know I can not win, so just give up the fight ! you are still not suitable for fighting, barely fighting talk will die. let me get one your way Miyi it, how do you? Andromeda, you put chains ~ ~ you lowered the strongest weapons in the end chains ~ ~ ~ ~ do not want to live? naive guy.
is well aware of do not ask, it is down to the sanctuary together with Miss Hilda, so Sin Temple monarchs of the world.
What, you talking about? you want to say is this mean? said I do not want to fight, you say who you hurt to be so? is this enough? Andromeda, how Ye Hao, the fact that you lowered the chain of the great defensive instincts, and, and Boxing is also the speed of light I can avoid fatal injuries Andromeda Cloth, that is tantamount to your self-defeating. Well, this my fist to hit the speed of light through your heart, with your pair of Fine's The hit the arm to the fist, Ren Qi to the number of power, I am afraid there is no chance. air into a vortex, a strong blocking flow ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I'm doing what? Nebula ~ ~ but also the power of air enhanced? You can not knock me. Hey ~ Nebula storm, the power is indeed very alarming, it seems I underestimated you. I will not be lenient. as hard as you like, I have tried my best to deal with you, Andromeda, rest in peace. magic string funeral song. Yes, it is to guide your funeral song moving towards death. When the end of this song you will leave the dead. So far, the Farewell Andromeda .
What ~ Who are you? the original case, you are Andromeda's brother? you can be really nosy, if you do not intervene, then your brother will be able to die in peace. just in vain, to break me m Ibero-American rescue Athena, it is simply wishful thinking. Let me give you two brothers in the Western Paradise, right on.
You are such a good way to dodge my fist speed of light. Phoenix constellation, you can not escape, you have no escape. escape, escape ~ ~ be easy. hum hum, ah ~ ~ phoenix, you Huanmo boxing ..
`` The first time I met you this person, phoenix, rumors you is reborn from the flames of hell, like the ghost-like people, but I feel you from the small universe, it seems not only that, just like your brother, like Andromeda, to partner, are you going to protect this earth to save Athens Na it? bored, ah? that partners of the future and how, is not to be betrayed by those who believe. What? hmm. phoenix, the power of your fist to the extent only that it seems that you completely read my the speed of light boxing, but as long as I raise a small universe, the speed of light has infinite power of boxing enhanced. I remind you that as you and Andromeda, no matter how hard you can not defeat me. I said that this useless, even if With the purpose of ~ ~ do not you even if you are the righteous, the fighting is the emphasis on strength. Strong Weak eat meat. you do not feel I have a murderous look? Well, as to accompany the funeral, I'll tell you what I a person, I killed my father personally boxing.

Love a promise heaven on earth

 Have not met you before, I paid little attention to Nalan poetry. And the longer you touch the more delicate emotions that you and Nalan are surprisingly similar. You are engaged with each other's work and your amazing personality differences. More I did not think that you and Nalan as infatuation, not the same as Nalan's crazy, we have been unable to see, only the text across the soft gorgeous to guess and feelings. It can be said that the wording of Nalan's infatuation between the lines is always flowing with a
soften beauty. But you are crazy lotus I have seen, your love is only given seeds only. Therefore, the two who said your love is, and it seems to me , Nalan is far smaller than you. because Nalan special living environment and background, combined with his own free and natural talent, good at words, and good at writing the most sincere feelings of strong children, make their own creation at the unique word personality and distinctive artistic style. for which he wrote for his first wife a lot of sad poems lingering, do not worry about the content of no more than from the thinking, Exquisite Yee complaints. but it reverberates gentle wind tone is horrid people loved nothing more.
based on actual historical records, in addition to first wife Romer Nalan him, the roots never less than stunning, one of the most famous and the South fear is that a romance Talented Ms Shen love. at his side woman, the first wife was the first Romer people away from him. Lushi death, he married a gentle and loving following the woman officer's, a glamorous mistress satisfied Yan, and later in southern friends Shen Wan met geisha house concubine, is said to this woman his first love. Nalan 17 years old and married 16-year-old Romer, this age can be described as young germinating period, replaced by today, the couple is already in high school. can imagine the passion for life and high school students longing for love how pure and beautiful. love no one can easily forget, so leave this world when Romer, Nalan on Romer's rain seems to miss is the love of loyalty, in fact, from another point of view, not necessarily so.
Whatever happens, happens and there is a continuation of the potential psychological and many objective reasons. for the same literature, a good work of a good or let us remember, we need to have the appropriate social environment and life, are inseparable from human factors. Since ancient times, we have a psychological, only tragedy to make people remember and feel the beauty, never forget. as the but my sister and Po Lin tragic love my brother to his sister's tears dry forest to end. we may as well imagine, should by Cao Lin sister did not turn into clouds, this novel will not let us wonder for generations to date? Should not Romer Nalan's first wife left him, he will not write so many parting words of Acacia, Qing Wan Jing Li chapter, Full of feelings are deep sorrow? Gu Zhenguan will not say: Lan does not belong to leading literary heroes. the history of his people in the network and the concern is only his third as a dry clear door guards, writing romantic and refined, sensitive delicate emotion, the sadness and the Acacia bare to life, only sparse pens, let the reader feel very deeply through the text, he did not appreciate the implicit desolate, lonely, lonely and other complex feelings, long Qingyin, a touch of sadness involuntarily, into his heart. not dare touch, for fear that crumple their nerves, whom cried that broke our hearts. there is a reason that he linger in their love, tactful and delicate brush strokes to outline the Qi Wan, miserable demeanor, Reading people such as the ground, from the endless provoke feelings of Acacia. Nalan the realm of free and natural idea of the text can be described as novel, he set up the language environment, expressive of the pen, but also involves both subtle and straightforward endless miserable. delicate Deep-wan with every word of all the lonely little sad, sad melancholy rendering to the extreme, deplorable and emotional. Let wei in the King Poets love language infatuation, let us feel bad. earth where Q passionate, sentimental bias is everywhere in life. In other words, as a generation Libertine, should say, as in the Qing Dynasty, Romer did not miss, will not let future generations from the beautiful words he felt sad that he's cold and lonely, comment Shangdu his masterpiece, remarkable achievements? Should Romer did not leave, his effortless words pen will stay where? and heart will give who? We also talked about his words will not be fine here, Charm and win the word, sparing him a touch of tenderness? can say that the departure of Lushi , for the pursuit of romantic love Nalan like a fatal blow, but it is this deep pain, let him have a word in creation, Frustrated with his word play role in fueling the style can be described as a cold at the concentration of times past. But the word split, in the history of the word really as he said, is a different matter of the. and into middle age you have reached Nalan described by of the feeling, already can not bear a trace of damage.
the other day, perhaps feeling lotus reason, so you may be a bit cold. you can not stand, Aigan lingering a few days. like you start to take the initiative to call waiting and send information, for fear she would float, and was afraid of her change of heart. despite freezing temperatures, filled with tender call. lotus, where you do not go, where they should not go, in my heart, right? Do not use indifference hurt me for no reason, good in my arms, let me day and night guarding, Lian Zhao, okay? because you can not go face the day without seeds, did not mind that kind of life. listen to the your gentle whisper, lotus seeds are also surprised, and asked you, what she is good, worth it care? You say you do not know, is love lotus is so crazy. who do not know, how true this affection, but a very faint lotus last night of Who can not escape, feeling a promise heaven on earth.
of: He Jing

This is all we have

 There used to be my all!
All I have are here to change
here was my all, my youth is gone to, but my memory is so clear ~ ~!
Us The sweat was spilled on the land here, but our laughter spread to every corner ~ ~ hh
how hh miss when life no one can understand our feelings that we treasure this hh
not beautiful time! but it is our most memorable hh
maybe you did not come into our lives, but I say: is driving the site training, local map hh, all roads have ~ ~ S Road, single-word Road Shuangqiaoshan ~ ~ Z ~ ~ too much, I really miss ah ~ ~
here and we have to push in the winter Car memories hh
lived here we have a place, that yellow building is hh, Police Service needed to buy all your daily necessities ~ ~.
Spring Garden Hotel, opposite the police ~ ~, where to eat breakfast sometimes!
here is our little playground ~ ~ ~, at least ten laps every morning, but we also fined more than 25 laps it!
hate it too in love with it hh , this piece of yellow earth, leaving the number of sweat on the inside ~ ~
kilometers every morning, afternoon, twice a week plus kilometers hh, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday pulling physical hh
Square ~ ~, students Plaza, Atlanta, as to the future we have to fly toward the sky hh
sky in their own building ~ hh
services, can not stayed here. Some parents have come, can stay overnight here! because they belong to militarization of the management, so parents and students can not live with the hh, which is a command!
computer room on the fourth floor hh
to Lianju, the only way for a bath door ~ ~ Police Court, hh, very dignity, right?
bridge ~, where a lot of flavor, this is our school unique romantic place. But the night a little black, a little scary hh
heard that several dozens of bridges with a good million it ~ do not know really!
small pond in front of police officers restaurants hh, the edge of a rockery and pavilion ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ willow hung, and the fish swim hh
Oh ~ ~ fish are lost inside the bread is raised in the hh
electronic library ~ ~
first floor study room, second floor, forget what it is, the third floor is the library, the fourth floor of the electronic reading room. Ha ha ~ ~ ~
quick examination, I have soaked basketball court in the first floor hh
hh, games several games, but really I do not like!
man who played the local specialty! (muscle man named) < br> students in the square at night ~ ~ ~
view is the first time I saw that a friend sent the hh map did not light it before! feel so beautiful ~ ~ ~ ~
driving range, but we played really Oh! been dropped hh painful!!!
Police Service to look like, so ~~~~~!< br> you!!! no way, do not buy is not enough ~ ~, closed-end management there is no way ah ~ ~ ~ confessed!
it is memorable, zipper all the tears ah ~ ~ ~ ~ pain and happiness that our mood!
quilt ~ bed ~ shoes, towels, food and hh four feet of water from the glorious large blisters hh
back ~ ~ (at night there is a password, live in the wild field still under the rain!)
This is our place to live ~ ~ ~ All boys and girls, like ~ ~ ~
clean and tidy place!! including the option of opening windows have requested ~ ~ ~
This is the life I used to love them ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I love me too of my dorm mates ~ ~ ~
were here with tears, sweat hh with this experience makes us more cherish the affection!
once every corner of the hh hh
much I miss Although memories of the past hh
heart but I love them forever unforgettable hh
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
this life, though bitter!
but it is the treasure of my life!!!
(read, made buddies remember to leave Well ~ ~)

Huangshan decade sword

 On the bond between me and Huangshan Mountain, that has always been my heart, to cherish a good.
Huangshan is the first time I heard thirty years ago. Was a very early age, before only the old. At first impression of Huangshan is fuzzy, are then brought back from the father and Huangshan in the learned those things.
remember there are many small souvenirs, have a cane, but also have a binding in the small wooden board to do a very fine specimens of lobster shell (later to Huangshan, when I asked a local friend, supposedly Huangshan should not produce so much lobster, very strange). back into things The most important is the father shot himself, because he was in his home town is a local museum curator, and fond of photography, and have a kind of old units to use with 120 film camera (from top to the kind of under the monitor screen). photographs accumulated data filing part of the contents of his work, of course, we also had some very enviable opportunity to make a sightseeing tour. me? the way, of course, you can enjoy the proximity to the first was on the relieved to understand Love.
on Huangshan, I was still able to save only a small number of scattered memories, just remember those photos are not the same as a lot of jagged mountains, like a fairy-like clouds and fog, mountains full of green plants go into. Dad said he saw in the clear stream a lot of giant salamander, see how it all those behind the clouds can not see through the dense forest and towering canyon. tell the truth, how high are Huangshan I do not know much risk, because no experience is too small, have seen the mountain, is to read from the book all together paintings are still meager and can not make a comparison. But there is no doubt, Huangshan , is the most worship and I was longing for the mysterious mountain.
the past ten years, after a flash, get strange fate of the people actually have no chance ever.
a result was small, no the right to self-time. Second time to the road, could it be Huangshan is akin to finding far away, can not be said to go too, but will have a feeling, because it is defensive in his hometown in Anhui Province, with the age, growth opportunities will only increase. so until after 1988, their people are inattentive to Beijing developed, it was found that the farther the distance from Huangshan, opportunities will become smaller and smaller the. because busy fighting difficult, time involuntarily, and then follow the red a few years people gradually began to return home to see the time even difficult to protect, how can any time go back and play on Huangshan? vision'd become increasingly open, the National almost famous cities all over the world famous scenery in many countries also have been to that have not been to since childhood has been most want to go to Huangshan. When meeting friends from different places talk, can not help but to play it on Who is the high mountain hill who is low, who is more popular clear who is more quiet, but every time this time, always hear the praise of Huangshan, gave almost no controversy this praise is located in my hometown in Anhui Province Huangshan scenic mountain resort mm. So I can only regret the first time in the most or is most proud of circumstances, set the rhetoric over and over again, have to catch a chance to think about where the beauty of the scenery of a gluttonous It Pop the Cork until the cleaners, as if that can lift themselves from small to large that many years so many years of guilt coupled with regret, to heal all, but also to make up for all Qi.
Huangshan is the first time on 2004. That is the vast I grew up in Northern plains have heard and seen over the mountains when the first three years after, I finally got to board the Huangshan Mountain, and is in a special opportunity completed under the auspices of.
that is before the trip to Huangshan about what happens when two or three months.
Anhui in a few very good friends gathering inadvertently touched me, which The two initiatives also determined to get through a phone call in person to give my regards to some not, and answers the phone, when they said that one of them is the important leaders of Huangshan City, the fate of God so he definitely at this moment the need to do some kind of arrangement, the two of us turn to talk, we all like to be enchanted like warm tribute to each other and praise each other's respective fields, that is not in our long conversation among the infected and at the same time inspired a few friends here that I did not expect such a deep feeling of Huangshan home, then agreed that being the case, simply ask me for suggestions Huangshan ambassador, the one I'm from the Anhui Huangshan publicity out of the bounds of reason contribute , and secondly, to meet the needs of my complex, but also to maximize the use of Huangshan is so I am extremely enthusiastic professionals. So, less than a month later, Huangshan area is really a special trip arranged a trip to Beijing trip issue a formal invitation to me as the first obligation of Huangshan ambassador.
I think God really love me very much, so the coveted thing, though Yincuoyangcha's missed more than three decades, may be the first one can make his dreams come true even to the less than perfect situation. I am pleased to accept this honor Huangshan propagandists job obligations, but also the one hand, efforts to participate actively associated with the Huangshan all public campaign, on the other hand are plotted with and The ideas associated with it. And Actually, this is just my habit has always been a way of thinking nothing more.
about a decade ago, also during the year 2000, I welcomed his creation in professional aspects of the third wave. day in time for a cat at home, writing songs, which have spent a lot of energy to Huangshan and created three works, the shape of a song called take this name, but that is a combination of dance and rock style works. Unfortunately, as with other works of this song is very different styles but ultimately did little to income album, and my intention is to stand in the mountains up singing the song finished, use the lens to MV that I made from that sacred moment to record. At that time, I have been thinking about how to design a long time to board the first time we go out in the form of Huangshan. < br> the eve of the Olympics last year, my creative passion to rekindle the fifth, and unprecedented high and closed. upsurge of the investment and focus, concentration and time of closure is a guarantee. And in the middle of this process, Huangshan figure once again entered my mind, and no longer has to leave, I was a lot of time, have a huge day in the magic of being under the control of Huangshan, yet only kissed it repeatedly in the olfactory charm, but not down to the concrete brush strokes to write it. Huangshan, and I again become a , was surprised to find that the surface has not even mentioned the word Huangshan, but I think the penetration of Huangshan in fact already in my mind and soul, even though I am far from understanding Huangshan just some superficial surface, but With each deep spiritual commune long, who would deny this fact is another more profound understanding?
share with you this piece I also be the occasion of the founding of Daqing sixty the dawn of a personal gift. Hefei fly tomorrow to participate in new work will sing the song, looking forward to stage the arrival of that moment.
I wish the event successful and look forward to his hometown six central provinces of Anhui and the rise and growth of the overall development!
with lyrics:

lyrics: Jie Xiaodong
stand in the turbulent clouds between heaven and earth to see the vicissitudes of the central
look to the past is always in the sea of vast lofty flying in the wind and rain on your green
devout feel you beside the Millennium grace and beauty
years time rush tears left to the depths of the most moving collection of
changes even more helpless situation is difficult to expect
always eager to fly with you more dark clouds
night without fear of how long
As strong as you always imagined
clouds shining brilliant
peak of the central backbone of my dream of flying wings flying the Millennium
rain Colorful mountain scenery
tears in my chest Yang
flash

Eternal Love

 Pure mountain spring pouring ground,
Mountain of rock and tasted the sweetness of green stones.
Mountain grass playing with her real estate broker.
Stephen withstood the baptism of the body.
Smile has become very bright and clean .
Fall in love with the spring grass.
the spring stream,
have to take root in the roadside grass.
to spring,
grass roots of the earth to give up.
spring with the grass out of mountain:
coming out of spring is no longer the spring,
spring into the river, into the lake,
into a more broad big sea.
and coming out of the grass left the soil,
rotten body, real estate broker has become bloated,
back to the shore alone.
spring to attend to the grass,
still unceasing flow away.
earth medicine has been powerless,
grass floating on the road to heaven's soul.
cycle of reincarnation, the grass is still grass stuck on spring grass
hh

PMP Certification and PDU Introduction

 Introduction
PMI certification, there are three certification. PMI is also conducting market research to understand the project management professional certification requirements for more. PMI for different levels of expertise to provide comprehensive professional certification program to provide support on the career ladder structure.
program management professional certification (PgMPSM) (English)
Project Management Professional Certification (PMPr) (English)
Assistant Project Management Professional Certification (CAPMr) (English)
newly developed PMI Project Management Certification (English)
program management professional certification (PgMPSM)
PMI development of the latest certification demonstrates the management of multiple related projects, consistent with the organizational strategy professional skills. PgMP certification application who successfully completed the stringent needs of multi-knowledge, skills and experience in the assessment process.
PgMP certification applicants
m at the minimum charge under the supervision of the coordinated management of multiple related projects to achieve strategic business and organizational goals. These projects include a complex set of activities, may be cross-functional, organizational, geographic regions and cultures.
definition and start-up projects, assign project managers to manage project cost, schedule and performance. efforts to ensure the ultimate success of the project and accepted set of . the project manager responsible for determining and coordinating set composed of resource sharing between projects, so that the overall benefit of the project set.
have in the project and business or government environment, the knowledge and skills required for effective, strategic objectives to complete decision-making . they should have in the financial, cross-cultural awareness, leadership, communication, influencing, negotiation and conflict resolution skills to advanced.
more information, please download the PgMP certification handbook (English).
Project Management are certified (PMPr)
as a project management one of the most valuable certification, PMP certification to the employer that your project management promise. to achieve and maintain this certification shows that the effective management of the project has a solid foundation. < br> PMP Certification Applicants:
in the performance of duties under general supervision, responsible for the project life cycle in all areas of the project.
leadership and guidance to cross functional teams in the schedule, budget and resource constraints of deliverables.
demonstrate sufficient knowledge and experience to define project requirements in a reasonable and deliverable in the appropriate application of project methodology.
more information, please download the PMP certification handbook (English).
Assistant Project Management Professional Certification (CAPMr)
project members are considered as a necessary step, CAPM certification can make the show work to have a comprehensive and sustained implementation of the understanding of large numbers of people benefit from it. through the acquisition of project management processes and terminology of the knowledge, the project Team members can contribute to enhancing the success of the team.
CAPM design team members for the following:
who provide professional skills (such as marketing, finance, customer service, processing, execution).
project team sponsors, promoters, contact or coordinator.
more information, please download the CAPM Certification Handbook (English).
newly developed PMI Project Management Certification
project team to meet the difference between the market demand for particular functions, PMI developed Two new certification: the progress of the preparation of project risk and project certification. because the project growing, complex and globally dispersed, perceived risk and progress in key areas of the project preparation. So start the two branches of PMI's global research, use of dedicated research function, determines the importance of professional certification.
project progress and project risk certification preparation certification program focuses on project management practitioners to distinguish between professional responsibilities and contributions to the field's needs. The new certification is currently being developed . PMI will be released in 2008.
PDU describes
PMI Continuing Certification Requirements program (CCR) to support PMI's PMP certification continuing education and professional development requirements. To complete the CCR program and maintain effective PMP qualifications, each Bit PMP must be obtained within three years of the cycle, and to declare at least 60 professional development units (PDU), to complete the formalities and continue to pay the costs associated with certification and re-confirm the acceptance of the project management professionals (PMPr) Code of Professional Conduct. in obtaining PDU PMP certification activities before the application can not be used to continue certification.
PMP CCR start the first time you successfully complete the PMP exam date, time since starting the end of the third calendar year from the time the 12 31. If you are in July 31, 2004 to complete the exam, the CCR of the end time for the December 31, 2007. The start time of the next CCR cycle for the due date on the first day of the end time since the beginning of the third calendar year from the time the 12-31. as the previous example, the starting time is January 1, 2008 and ends at December 31, 2010.
PMP is valid and the duration of CCR and the individual with a unique number printed on the PMP PMP certificate for your reference.
received PDU has the following five ways.
Note: The PDU is the most available in a CCR cycle Most available PDU.
first formal university education to obtain PMP certification
complete the courses within the University receive PDU. prerequisite requirements related to project management, and credit courses available. Usually 1 for the 15-week semester credit courses receive 15 PDU. semesters of 10 weeks of the course receive 10 PDU. When the course is only part of it is relevant to project management, PDU according to the contents of the overall project management courses to calculate the proportion of . Each course must submit a separate CCR Activity Reporting Form. PMI does not endorse the use of the degree program to calculate the PDU, must be calculated for individual courses.
PMI review of required documents: PMP specify the pass mark should be retained report card.
II: Self or professional activities
PDU
through participation in professional activities, professional activities can obtain specific predetermined PDU. The second type of activity using the following guide to determine the type of The PDU number.
PMI review of required documents: PMP should retain copies of publications, educational materials or activities sample itinerary.
self-learning activities, self-PDU
activities must meet the requirements related to project management, to achieve the specified target, and use the knowledge resources, the use of self-learning activities in the form to determine the activities of the second class of m self-PDU.
PMI review of required documents: PMP should provide evidence to indicate indeed carried out the study, including discussions and reading The date and notes.
third category: PMI Registered Education institutions REP / community participation
PMI Registered Education Provider PMI community or educational activities available to provide PDU. These organizations meet the quality standards required PMI and PDU is authorized to issue certificates to the participants.
REP such as schools, consulting firms, corporate training departments, professional associations or government agencies, PMI chapters, special interest groups and so on. PMI site has a searchable REP institutions and courses database.
PMI review of required documents: PMP registration form should be retained, certificate or proof of participation.
fourth category: other agencies to provide educational activities
PMI Registered Education institutions to participate in non-educational activities can also be access to PDU. a project management and systems-related activities or programs, each receive 1 hours PDU.
PMI review of required documents: PMP registration form should be retained, certificate or participation certificate stating that course topics and lecturers manual or expert qualifications or the course materials.
Category V: professional or community organizations for volunteer service organizations
project management expertise to the professional services or to employees or customers than other groups to provide volunteer projects management of professional services up to a maximum of 20 PDU. volunteer services must meet the PMBOK? guidelines set forth in the third edition of the definition of the project to create a unique m for the products, services or results and a one-off effort. one in which each item has a clear The start and end times.
PMI review of required documents: PMP participating organizations should be retained letter or certificate.

Shi diagnose the troubles of this ink to explain the objective and real silk hanging

 Recently, a man named leave a stain. President is an old one of the four famous doctors Beijing, gave the Qing imperial household female members of a family seen the disease. He said that it can be said to diagnose the troubles of hanging wire Yizhenyijia. the so-called real person, did the answer is yes ; the so-called fake who is simply a form of hanging wire. had, in almost all wives are sick, always introduced by the close of the eunuchs illness, the imperial doctor always asked these details, such as appetite, tongue, two stools, symptoms, course of the disease and so on. In order to obtain a true and detailed case, and sometimes even the imperial doctor to take some presents to the eunuch. When asked after completing all this, also intimate knowledge of the imperial doctor. to he described the content of alumina, this ink does not slander Shi TCM pulse, the ink is applied objectively, this explanation for the public hanging wire diagnose the troubles of the real situation. fact that some people exaggerate the role of pulse diagnostics, the use of pulse diagnosis in Chinese medicine is not public too well the trick, but it is by the quacks. Shi diagnose the troubles of this ink on silk hanging in a realistic description of phenomena, which is not the slightest TCM pulse the negative impact, and the hanging wire will be forced to diagnose the troubles of the imperial doctor explain the reasons for very clear who should be understood a little common sense. If you have applied this interpretation of the ink can not understand, it would be too confused! Shi diagnose the troubles of this ink on the interpretation of hanging wire TCM pulse has not slander, but to clarify the layman diagnose the troubles of the misunderstanding of hanging wire.

Dream

 The miracle of life
m dream tour
small, is a very naughty girl. Up the hill to find wild chestnut, the first bee visit, wah-wah away; lower river to catch fish, shoes favored by the water, complained to the return; into the mountains to steal Peach, home met the teacher, the uncertainty that is a dream hh Taoyuan, often dream in my adult life to see the blue sky, a piece of green wilderness, a group of elderly people with unruly children pick chestnut shepherd's purse, the fragrance of scented dumplings with fields to appear at the dinner table; always remember the mountains and plains of the golden yellow of the wild chrysanthemum, one to fall, the bamboo bed, a small hospital, a small upper basking in the weak Daisy, in Yan Yan in the sun, the whole air was filled smell of the Smell Good, old people chatting on the side, women are never the name of Dabu Wan's wool, the children are in groups, call Reply with friends from time to time came the soft voice of those crying and adults occasionally passed twice over a reprimand; has still remember one year, up a flood, a small town next to the river suddenly surrounded the emergence of numerous fish, men and women took the dustpan to go fishing in the evening flowing out of the kitchen of every household fragrance of fish, wild and full of hh
simplicity of childhood, the wind was often on the hillside at the distant love, her eyes clear often overlooking the mountain side, the other side of the mountain would be what? far, you can see the sunset, under the Peak Yanlong Dai Qing, there will be a pavilion. pavilion was not far away and touch, a little breeze remember Tiananmen Square on the picture to see which way it is, silly little girl in mind will have its own secret, when I grow up, maybe I can see the tall pavilion, go to See what the mysterious figure it, the dream of a naive and sacred heart of small breeze took root, but it is she never mentioned the secret to others. the little girl to be jealously guarding the dream. This is the dream place to start up.
time passed from year to year, the breeze to slowly grow among the ignorant, and left town, came to the steel-lined city. childhood dream of getting a foot a foot away books passed away, the city in hopes of finding his own solitude a light breeze in the numerous night, accompanied by only a solitary, ascetic like the days of childhood dreams can still be seen, the wind there is a new desire, because in that Block flew out of a kiosk in the Bluebird, Bluebird breeze remembered the fable, to find happiness will find Jade Bird, Blue Bird Where is it? boring studies, the JB green apple-like story of a girl to start the scenery dream. vast mountains have roared into fantasy, long the forest, the girl ran wild longing, message of hope in the cool moonlight from afar brings a legendary Bluebird of happiness. So Let me shouts and cry, and prostrate, the gift of God reverently thanked him now! breeze smiled to myself.
goodbye to the days of thick, dull, light to enter the ivory tower, the wind began to find dream journey. wild, she began a childhood naughty. are free, and pressure, she whim wanders in every corner of campus, separated from the mountain city streets, walking through the marshland of the depth of the Jialing River. happy times , she just hold the Bluebird's wings, Bluebird flying over long period of the Yangtze River with her, came to River City, build a love nest hh
swallows a mouthful title to the soil, the nest day day to form. all in the day to day busy being restored calm. day after day, repeat the precipitation of the years of passion. in the gentle lake breeze of life long emergence of a miracle. What should she start Dream trip? Is it rooted in his childhood to life in the wild? Yes it can dream can never quell the volatility of the heart? Or dull day grind of a very old and fear, a kind of despair and destroy it?
a beautiful, beauty, or a wicked witch, a sweet garden tomb is still a painful round, it was all swagger, wash away the dream led to a new life. breeze thought the sentence: If you love him, send him to New York because it was heaven: if you hate him, send him to New York because it was hell. breeze to the virtual world so this is it.
in a fantasy world, what can all be made, the only difficult to find the truth. breeze, full of wild but the temperature from the simple and honest in the woman, is enough to get the favor of God, Big Wave in the Tao of sand it? may be injured, perhaps the injury people. Bluebird's wings heavy heavy heavy wings, bear the light of life. This was once a fantasy world, and she should not mix the real you? command of a wave, back to the horizon the clouds, the breeze for leave out. can be unknown imaginary world filled with magic and mystery of letting the breeze of fantasy should not rest, struggling to give up being with Dream.
far from that windswept place, drift There came a ordinary bottle, plain surface, ordinary greeting, a few words, Fengqing was clear, simple random, but not flowing out of genuine concern when it is what kind of drift bottles it? There is a myth in the devil or prince in Wonderland do? breeze spin to the cap, stared to see who smoke curl arise. What a beautiful smoke gently around in the breeze around. So this is a calm of the tree line, a sink for a thousand years old trees, a sway over the passage of time, eternal youth is still leafy trees.
shuttling between the branches of trees, the breeze in the fly, trees Hehe smiled and told lost breeze. went back to the riverside of the nest, you will find the Blue Bird wings again, is that true? breeze trance remember reading the book in the boy, and that the shuttle over the vast group of mountains , line through the pursuit of Blue Bird Cape Tianya children, and finally found a home garden of happiness Bluebird ah. breezes, Lang smiled cheerfully, laughing tree, the original tree is the compass ah. along he is not in the vast mountains, long lost in the forest. because the tree side of the South will always tell you where it. through the moon was full of flowers, the breeze flowing back to the River City. I look back, the lights dim, there is a Warm window light, cold nights among the green burgundy furnace, whether the leading edge of a drank? years to repair the love, spend the same Jesus Christ, it is a beautiful Blue Bird. for the Spirit in the window before you song.
happy breeze turned into a bird, that is a beautiful and ethereal life. singing in the tree branches in the beauty of life yet. as long as you are, that is, the miracle of life. with me, and ushered in the warmth of Asahi, with me, off the gorgeous sunset. that Lang Lang green sky, spend the everlasting moon is covered with flowers.

Zhang Yimou love to buy luxury cars, shopping boutiques Laomou Zi will enjoy life is very

 Media captured Zhang Yimou's high car

(Reporter Xue Jiao) Zhang Yimou These three words have become a famous brand of Chinese film industry. His partner Zhang Weiping has boldly said that the value of Zhang Yimou's four billion brand value. However, so many years, very few live in luxury cars to see Zhang Yimou's opening luxury news. In front of the camera every time, Zhang Yimou is always very low profile.

But think again, almost every film he is making big money, can be a money master it? However, Zhang Yimou's money, he does less control, because Zhang Yimou is a very people who do not understand financial management, usually the But this does not preclude the Zhang Yimou become rich.

Recently, Zhang Yimou's high car photographed, Zhang Yimou has also revealed more than the market value of 100 million mansion. It appears that the chief director Zhang Yimou as China, have long been far ahead in the personal worth of entertainment.

His hobby is to buy luxury cars

Zhang impression has always been very low key. Little do they know he has a hobby, is like the luxury cars, in particular, like off-road vehicles, before opening ����ԽҰ��, currently driving a white Porsche Cayenne, the minimum configuration of the car have 200 million yuan. However, Zhang does not buy their own car, but his film producer is Zhang Yimou's In addition, Zhang also the Audi Q7, BMW X5 and other luxury cars.

He also loves shopping
fashion boutiques

many people feel that Zhang Yimou is soil. In fact, you know? Zhang Yimou almost all big-name clothes, and even some of Tide or a license. During the preparations for the Olympic Games opening ceremony, Zhang Yimou's partners Fan Yue, Wang Chao songs have revealed that the only hobby is Zhang Yimou spare time shopping for designer clothes. However, Zhang Weiping said a million on clothes if, when Zhang Yimou to buy or to think about it.

In addition, Zhang also high requirements on quality of life, with things are fine, things are very particular about food. Ultimately, as with his appearance really is not proportionate.

he moved into a new 50,000 yuan per square meter mansion

In fact, Zhang lived in Beijing for more than ten years old and lived in the house, and then, he is an internationally renowned big-time director. Today, the Lao Mouzi finally moved into the mansion. According to media reports, Zhang is now living in the vicinity of a Worker apartment community. Zhang Yimou, this place is the name of the new apartment is luxury, market capitalization of 5 million yuan per square meter.

According to report, the text now known along with landscape garden and Yuquanying detached villas near the bridge, in particular, the text in the landscape garden he bought the buildings for apartments, said that together have 3,000 square meters, the current market value in million yuan more than amazing.

how his money come from?

partner Zhang Yimou is the most stable of his film producer Zhang Weiping, However, as Zhang Yimou and Feng Xiaogang's not like when a shareholder. Most of his income is the director fees.

after the Olympic Games, there have been rumors that the director Zhang Yimou fees rose to 20 million yuan, while Zhang Weiping denied that, but I guess we poor Debu too much. As early as 6 years ago, there an international human resources agency, given the value of Zhang Yimou's annual salary - a billion.

but Zhang Yimou's really incalculable worth. During the Olympics, the international best-known beverage manufacturer, was found in Zhang Yimou Zhang said he hoped this beverage manufacturers can do an advertisement, offer two million.

At that time, Zhang Weiping told reporters: Zhang received the ad, I did not go to convince Zhang Yimou, and I persuaded the manufacturers hand, because I know very well how much money you give him he would not do this ad, as Zhang Yimou have a principle thing to do, to how much money he not for any one ad to show his face, he can do behind the scenes to get very little money, but he will not take the two million, which is Zhang Yimou, the principle of life and do business.

fact, advertisers are constantly looking for advertising Zhang Yimou, and every time he rejected it, , you do this you most love is the least profitable industry, I say your heart balance? Zhang Yimou said that I was very balanced, because I love movies, my life is very expensive in the number, there are actually bowl to enough. Zhang Yimou if the money he received to an advertisement enough to beat than he can earn more than 20 films, 20 films is the concept? he can earn more than 20 minutes to 20 years of money!

In fact, do not need this, by Zhang Yimou and his team to create the

Inertia down, actively support the market weight

 Inertia decreased, weight support the market actively
sell into a panic late yesterday, has been a serious blow to the A share investors, fell today in early trading inertia is still continuing. Although the heavyweights, such as banking, insurance and petrochemical planes in the active care disk, but because of the huge group of investors panic, it is difficult to resist the continuing decline.
also from a technical point of view, the market many analysts point to the gap 2060 to heart. Today the market is also a great cover of this the desire gap, but the gap between today's intraday support has also been a very good performance. peripherals market early in the Farewell, the number of A shares to bring some support. As A serious lack of confidence in the stock itself, so disk performance remains difficult.
two quick clarification from the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, the current management to the market too much should now be clear that care. support the market heavyweights from the early trend, the disk active protection mainstream funds desire to offer no less, this is actually a positive from yesterday to support the market for petrochemical planes is evident.
see this wave nature of the rebound, many organizations was not involved. is what they did not participate, was a result of the recent shorting of them. The aim should not be really bearish on the market of the future, but should be in the market for the Ta again the theory of defense. The national team is struggling to support the market to protect market stability. The biggest market participants on the hot money and small investors, which is why the effect on the market quickly, the next disappear just as quickly the root cause.
see the trend of early today, I think that the small investment short of those forces of view, will not have much persistence. So, three days after a major adjustment, the two cities must have short-term bounce back. The early involvement of institutional investors little adjustment is likely to take advantage of Opening and quick push to get rid of retail investors to follow the trend index.
filled afternoon action does not rule out the two cities, but still worth looking forward to late upturned, the proposal did not come out of investors to be patient. And out of time when investors can be filled Half a strong position to get into stocks.
click to view the upcoming Gold shares up 30% of who?
stock to be resolved? how to obtain short-term bounce Ushimata!

Grace and Victory

 I have been a good win, so because of the little things sometimes preoccupied, and makes us unhappy, sorry. But my heart has been simmering grievances have it? Have installed nothing like laughed it? Or, really do not care, that do not numb it? Lu uncle said, Blame Him. I should fight? or not to fight?
Victory as well, in order to win we must enhance their own strength. progress is constantly completion of the contest, you want success and others do not need to be constantly battle. Yoshikatsu compete with others is more, the absolute benefit of capacity enhancement. because the want to take away the first effort, because you want to win the hard to achieve the goal, not enough to win it bad, everything is weak, that is immortal, as early as the
tm contradiction with the universal heaven, things have two sides. The grace and Victory is a contradiction. So, we To adhere to the two points and focus on a comprehensive look at the issue, combined with the Victory and grace, is a success. how to combine it? fake b beta! to see the arrogance of the enemy, grinning as if one side does not care, dark side of the idiom, finally beat him hard; What side do not seem to take it to heart secretly angry side. so with style in the name of, another strength of the real, md, finally leading to successful
This is false b! people like this, even if you know each other know what you are saying nice things, you have to leave b, or else will die miserable. those who truly are no good end, Yue Fei, Qu Yuan or something, all Budehaosi. They are a good man of indomitable spirit , but they can not because their boss and colleagues are all human. take a look at now, I see the students will boast l gf looks beautiful r, even though I do not think so; to see the young mother said she was good, Although she already has white hair. However, the false b nothing wrong, right? So we are pleased
Oh, I want to leave b longer. Tracy said that I leave b, I now have no choice but to recognized

Deposit reserve ratio will increase or enhance the difference between reserve policy adopted

 Chinese Academy of Social Economy, director of the macroeconomic forecast Zhang Xiaojing, China is entering a cycle of interest rate increases. Because after the financial crisis, the Chinese economy began to show the good trend, while the U.S. recovery is weak, quantitative easing monetary policy also release large amounts of liquidity. Domestic and international factors intertwined, and determine the short-term liquidity, inflationary pressures from rising costs only to rise. China is still in negative interest rates due to the current state, the appropriate interest rate can increase the use of funds cost of credit growth, and change the part of investors for the expected asset price bubble.

Zuo Xiaolei, chief economist at Galaxy Securities, said the central bank's rhythm is once every two months, half will raise interest rates three times, provided there is the need to raise interest rates. CITIC Securities chief economist, said Jian-Fang Zhu will raise interest rates twice in the first half of this year, the deposit reserve ratio will continue to increase.

However, macro-Bohai Securities analyst, said Zheng Zheng Du, a quarter less likely to raise interest rates again, the central bank to raise deposit reserve ratio by differentiated reserve policy and even more likely. Renmin University of China Wu Xiaoqiu Finance and Securities Research Institute, said the central bank rate hike expected, anti-inflationary policy-oriented intentions obvious, but the policy effect remains to be seen, in the long run to control prices or to increase product supply. He said the central bank to raise interest rates after the Bank of the cost of funds has been very high, space constraints limited the future, policy will tend to sound.

Charlie Sheen was traced to hospital for drug and alcohol abuse emergency manager denied

 Xinhua BEIJING, Jan. 30 famous American actor Charlie - Sim (Charlie Sheen) trouble again on Thursday morning, police called an ambulance from his home to hospital, according to his agent revealed that Charlie Sheen as a serious Abdominal pain was the emergency room, but the entertainment Web site TMZ that he was in fact drugs since Wednesday morning has been drinking, but also to the neighbor with five porn stars in binge drinking.

According to Taiwan's Tuesday night, with five porn stars Charlie Sheen to the neighbor in binge drinking.

further reported that the 22-year-old porn stars Michael Jordan (Kacey Jordan) said Wednesday morning, it was worth $ 20,000 to the cocaine delivered to Charlie Sheen apartment after he and nights of stop drug use, drinking, and merry companion.

Thursday morning, Charlie Sheen harder and harder to feel pain, then call a neighbor for help, call an ambulance which took him to hospital. Charlie Sheen's manager Stan Rosenfield denied that he had drugs, only to have Charlie Sheen said diaphragm hernia problems, causing severe abdominal pain.